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Down Syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a chromosomal disorder where there are three chromosome 21 copies instead of two (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). The cause for Down syndrome is mostly unknown. While it can be genetic, Down syndrome is usually attributed random errors in reproductive cell division (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2017). The biggest risk factor for Down syndrome is the age of the mother. The older the mother is, the higher the chance of having a child with Down syndrome. At around age 35, the risk is approximately 1 in 350 (Hockenberry et al., 2022).

            Individuals with Down syndrome have certain characteristics. They have round, small heads with flat nasal bridges and occiput. They have small, flat hands and feet with stubby fingers and toes. They are usually short in stature with hyperflexibility and weak muscles (Hockenberry et al., 2022). There is cognitive impairment that differs in severity based on the child. However, developmental stages are delayed. They also tend to have several health problems affecting vision and hearing. Heart defects are common, and they are immunocompromised (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). Treatment for Down syndrome is not curative. However, there are several different therapies that are useful. Surgery for serious complications like heart defects, intestinal blockages and vision problems, is recommended. Speech therapy and occupational therapy is also often also help individuals (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). Prevention is difficult for Down syndrome. Usually, the individual is already born prior to diagnosis. Education and prenatal testing are recommended for older women. Recommending support groups and providing support for the parent’s is the main goal for the nurse (Hockenberry et al., 2022).
 

 

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